Plant Cells
- Cell wall: made of cellulose non-living cell wall.
- It protect the cell from injury
- It gives the cell a fixed shape.
- It is fully permeable
- Chloroplast: contain green pigments called chlorophyll essential for photosynthesis process
Animal Cells
- Centriole: small hollow cylinder in pairs usually found near to the nucleus. They play an important role during cell division (Mitosis and Meiosis)
Common Organelles in animal and plant cells
Cell surface membrane: partially permeable to control the entry and exit of substances to the cell.
Nucleus: contain nucleus envelope, chromatin threads, neoplasm, and nucleolus.
Nucleus: contain nucleus envelope, chromatin threads, neoplasm, and nucleolus.
- It controls cell activities such as cell growth and repair of worn out cells.
- It is essential for cell division as it contain DNA genetic information for protein synthesis.
- Mitochondria: sites of aerobic respiration for energy release
- Ribosomes: small round structures are sites of protein synthesis
- Vacuoles: contains water and food substances
Specialized cells, tissues, organs and systems
Cells --> Tissues --> Organs --> Organ systems --> Organism
Differentiation: is the process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific function.
Differentiation: is the process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific function.
- Red blood cells: no nucleus and flexible, biconcave shape, contains haemoglobin to carry oxygen.
- Xylem vessel: non-living hollow tubes without cross wall. Deposition of lignin to strength the wall to prevent collapse.
- Root hair cell: elongated shape to increase surface area to volume ratio for water and minerals absorption.
- Epithelium cells in small intestine: with villi and microvilli to maximize absorption surface.
- Epithelium: is a sheet of cells covering the internal or external surface of the body.
- Epidermis: the covering tissue for leaves and stems of plant typically with a layer of waxy cuticle to prevent water loss.
Experimental Skill
- Light microscope magnify object to 1000x cannot see organelles.
- Electron microscopes magnify object up to 200,000 x can be used to view organelles in the cytoplasm.